Direct - Indirect Speech

Direct - Indirect Speech

Direct Speech adalah kutipan asli suatu pembicaraan tanpa adanya suatu perubahan. Sedangkan Indirect speech adalah bentuk kalimat laporan yang berguna untuk menceritakan kembali pembicaraan/pendapat seseorang yang mana mengalami modifikasi tertentu. Di bawah ini akan diberikan kepada anda materi Direct - Indirect speech secara lengkap.

Pembahasan Direct – Indirect Speech

1. Direct Speech

Cara penulisan direct speech selalu diapit oleh tanda kutip, kalimat selalu diawali huruf kapital. Tanda titik dua (:) atau koma (,) diletakkan sebelum direct speech bilaman kata penghubung/pelapor (reporting verb)-nya berada di muka, dan tanda koma (,) harus diletakkan setelah direct speech bilamana kata penghubung diletakkan setelah atau diantara direct speech nya. Tanda baca seperti tanda seru (!), tanda tanya (?) yang menunjukkan jenis kalimat direct tidak mengalami perubahan

2. Indirect Speech

Ada tiga jenis indirect speech :

A.      Imperative(request)

Yang di laporkan adalah suatu perintah. Karena kalimat perintah biasanya tidak mengenal subject, maka verb dalam direct imperative tidak mengalami perubahan. Verb dalam indirect menjadi 'to infinitive'.

Contoh 1 :
Direct              : He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”.
Indirect           : He ordered his servant to go away at once.

Contoh 2 :

Direct              : “Watch TV”.

Indirect           : He told me to watch TV.

B.   Declarative (statement)

1.      Bila terdapat Tenses, maka penjabarannya sebagai berikut :

·        Simple Present Tense menjadi Simple Past Tense

Jika Direct Speech menggunakan Simple Present Tense, maka Indirect Speech menggunakan Simple Past Tense. Contoh kalimat sebagai berikut :

Direct              : Linda said : “I buy my dictionary at the book shop”.

Indirect           : Linda said that she bought her dictionary at the book shop.

·        Present Continuous Tense menjadi Past Continuous Tense

Jika Direct Speech menggunakan Present Continuous Tense, maka Indirect Speech menggunakan Past Continuous Tense. Contoh kalimat sebagai berikut :

Direct              : She said : “I’m doing my English homework”.

Indirect           : She said that she was doing her English homework.

·         Present Perfect Tense menjadi  Past Perfect Tense

Jika Direct Speech menggunakan Present Perfect Tense, maka Indirect Speech menggunakan Past Perfect Tense. Contoh kalimat sebagai berikut :

Direct              : John said : “I have finished doing my reports”.

Indirect           : John said that he had finished doing his reports.

·        Present Perfect Continuous Tense menjadi Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Jika Direct Speech menggunakan Present Perfect Continuous Tense, maka Indirect Speech menggunakan Past Perfect Continuous Tense. Contoh kalimat sebagai berikut:

Direct              : He said : “We have been living here for three years”.

Indirect           : He said that they had been living there for three years.

·         Future Tense menjadi Past Future Tense

Jika Direct Speech menggunakan Future Tense, maka Indirect Speech menggunakan Past Future Tense. Contoh kalimat sebagai berikut :

Direct              : Laila said : “We will leave for Singapore”.

Indirect           : Laila said that they would leave for Singapore.

·         Past Continuous Tense menjadi Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Jika Direct Speech menggunakan Past Continuous Tense, maka Indirect Speech menggunakan Past Perfect Continuous Tense. Contoh kalimat sebagai berikut :

Direct              : He said : “I was reading an English novels”.

Indirect           : He said that he had been reading English novels.

2.      Bila terdapat modal, maka penjelasannya sebagai berikut :

Direct        : “ I can watch TV”.

                  : “ I may watch TV”.

                  : “ I must watch TV”.

Indirect     : She said that she could watch TV.

                        : She said that she might watch TV.

                  : She said that she had to watch TV.

3.      Bila terdapat Interogative Sentence

a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata Tanya dan mengubah tense jika pertanyaan dimulai dengan kata Tanya. Contoh kalimat sebagai berikut :

Direct : He said to me , “where are you going?”
Indirect : He asked me where I was going”

b) Dengan menggunakan if/whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengulang tenses.

Direct : He said to me, “Are you going away today?’
Indirect : He asked me whether I going today

Gerund &Infinitive

Gerund & Infinitive

Gerund adalah bentuk kata kerja yang karena kasus tertentu harus ditambah -ing (Verb-ing). Gerund juga dikenal dengan istilah kata kerja yang dibendakan.

To infinitive merupakan bentuk kata kerja (Verb) simple dengan mendapat awalan 'to'. Dibawah anda akan diberikan tentang penggunaan Gerund dan Infinitive beserta contoh-contohnya.

Penggunaan Gerund :

1.      Kata Kerja (Verb) sebagai subyek

Suatu kata kerja atau Verb yang berubah menjadi kata benda(Noun) berperan sebagai subjek kalimat tersebut.

Contoh kalimat :

- Speaking is better than thinking.

- Swimming is a good sport.

- Jogging makes us fresh .

2.      Kata Kerja (Verb) sebagai objek/complement.

Suatu kata kerja atau Verb yang berubah menjadi kata benda(Noun) berperan sebagai objek pelengkap kalimat tersebut.

Contoh kalimat :

- She likes dancing

- My hobby is cycling

3.      Kata Kerja (Verb) sebagai prepotional object

Suatu kata kerja atau Verb yang berubah menjadi kata benda(Noun) berperan sebagai objek yang berpreposisi pada kalimat tersebut.

Contoh kalimat :

- I am sorry for coming late.

- On opening the door, I saw him.

- Before leaving, he said nothing.

4.      Setelah Istilah Khusus

Contoh kalimat :

- No use (tiada guna)

It is no use studying without practicing

- to be worth (bermanfaat)

It is worth reading source books

- to be busy (sibuk)

She is busy preparing for the exams

- can't help/can't bear (tidak bisa menahan)

She usually can't help laughing when she hears a joke

- to be used to (terbiasa)

I am used to eating gudeg Yogya

- get used to (telah terbiasa)

She gets used to living near the airport

- to be accustomed to (telah terbiasa)

Rudi is accustomed to wearing a tie during his work

5.      Kata Kerja setelah possessive adjective : my, yours, his, her, our, their, your, Amir's, etc

Suatu kata kerja(Verb) yang berubah menjadi kata benda(Noun) berada setelah kata ganti kepunyaan.

Contoh kalimat :

- He teaching is fascinating.

- His starting frightens me.

- I hate Iwan's wearing earing.

6.      Kata Kerja setelah Kata Kerja tertentu :

admit	mind
appreciate	miss
claim	postpone
can't help	practice
resume	advise
consider	recall
avoid	regret
delay	report
deny	recent
risk	resist
enjoy	suggest
finish

Contoh kalimat :

- Would you mind helping me?
- We enjoying seeing them again after so many years

7.      Kata Kerja setelah kata kerja/kata sifat tertentu yang selalu dirangkai dengan 'to' namun harus diikuti gerund (Verb-ing)

confess to	dedicate to
object to	to be used to
advance to	get used to
look forward to	to be accustormed to
to be opposed to	key to

 Contoh kalimat :

- We are looking forward to going back to school.
- Bob confessed to stealing the jewels.

Penggunaan To Infinitive :

1.      Kata Kerja setelah objek Pelaku (accusative object)

Suatu Verb yang terletak setelah objek suatu kalimat.

Contoh kalimat :

- She want me to buy a new camera

- Prabu asked me to go with him.

2.      Kata Kerja setelah kata tanya yang mengawali klausa kata benda (noun clause)

Suatu kata kerja atau Verb yang digunakan setelah kalimat tanya yang mengawali klausa kata benda.

Contoh kalimat :

- She wanted to know how to manage the business

- I don't know what to do.

3.      Kata Kerja sebagai complement (object complement dan impersonal it complement)

Suatu kata kerja atau Verb sebagai pelengkap yang digunakan untuk menerangkan subjek ataupun menerangkan hal lain selain subjek dalam kalimat tersebut.

Contoh kalimat  : 

- He is a nice man to talk.

- Dedy is too young to run the business.

4.      Kata Kerja setelah kata kerja tertentu :

agree	hope	seem
attemp	need	strive
claim	intent	tend
decide	learn	want
demand	offer	try
desire	plan	wish
fail	prepare	expect
forget	pretend
hesitate	refuse

 Contoh kalimat :

- Prabu expect to begin studying law next month.
- Ratu learned to swim when she was young.

5. Kata Kerja setelah kata sifat berikut

anxious	good	able
boring	glad	usual
dangerous	ready	common
certain	pleased	difficult
eager	prepared	wrong

 Contoh kalimat :

- The students are not yet able to handle such problem.
- Seta is anxious to see his family.

Terdapat sekelompok kata kerja yang dapat diikuti baik gerund (Verb-ing) ataupun to infinitive (to + V1), yang mana memiliki pengertian berbeda.

Example :

> Dedi stops studying (Dedi tidak belajar lagi).

> Dedi stops to study (Dedi berhenti melakukan sesuatu lantas belajar).

stop	forget
remember	regret

- Terdapat kelompok kata kerja yang dapat diikuti gerund (Verb-ing) dan to infinitive (to + V1) yang mana arti dan maknanya sama

Example :

> He started to study after midnight = He started studying after midnight.

> John hates to ride his bicycle to school = John hates riding his bicycle to school.

> It began to rain = It began raining.

> I started to work = I started working.

Dependent - Independent Clause

DEPENDENT - INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

Adalah kalimat majemuk yang di dalamnya terdiri dari main clause (induk kalimat) sebagai independent clause dan sub-clause (anak kalimat) sebagai dependent clause. Dibawah ini akan anda dapatkan daftar kata verb yang biasanya digunakan dalam independent clause, pola, dan contoh dari dependent-independent clause.

Daftar Kata Verb yang sering digunakan :

agree	imagine	tell
ask	know	teach
be afraid	learn	think
believe	promise	understand
decide	remember	be worried
expect	say	wonder
explain	see
feel	show
guess	to be
hear	sorry
hope	suppose

NOTE : Susunan anak kalimat (dependent clause) harus selamanya dalam bentuk affirmative/pernyataan.

POLA :

S + Verb/Auxiliary + Question Word (That) + S + Verb/Auxiliary

Question Word (That) + S + Verb/Auxiliary + Main Verb/Auxiliary

IMPORTANT NOTES :

1.      Bila induk kalimat dalam betuk present atau future, anak kalimat boleh dalam bentuk apa saja.

Contoh kalimat :

- I hope that Fini will come with me tonight

- Ratu thinks that I did it

- She wonders if I could see her again

- Do you know what she is doing now?

2.      Bila induk kalimat dalam bentuk lampau/past, anak kalimat juga dalam bentuk lampau.

Contoh kalimat :

- Prabu hoped that she would answer his letter.

- She believe that I had done all these.

- Nan asked where I came from.

Conditional

CONDITIONAL

Conditional adalah bentuk kalimat pengandaian dengan ciri hadirnya kata jika/apabila,yang umumnya dinyatakan dengan kata If. Di bawah ini anda akan diberikan macam-macam Conditional beserta contoh-contohnya yaitu :

Macam-macam Conditional Sentence

A.     Present Conditional (Conditional Type 1)

Merupakan The Real Conditional in The Present or Future. Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu mungkin terjadi pada waktu mendatang ataupun sekarang jika syarat/kondisi terpenuhi.

Pola :

1. Verbal

Subject + Verb 1 + If + Subject + {Will/May/Can/Must} + Verb 1.

2. Nominal

Subject + Verb 1 + Be + If + Subject + {Will/Can/May/Must} + Verb 1.

Contoh kalimat :

- If Nug come to my party, he will have a great fun.

- If you don't have any money, you may borrow from me .

- You must study hard if you want to enter a favorite university.

- If we finish the assigment today, we can have a free time next week.

B.      Past Conditional (Conditional Type 2)

Merupakan Untrue in The Present/Future. Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan apa yang ada/terjadi sekarang atau belakangan ini.

Pola :

1. Verbal

If + Subject + Verb 2 + Subject + {Would/Could/Might} + Verb 1.

For Fact : use don't or does.

2. Nominal

If + Subject + Were +Adj/Noun + Subject + {Would/Could/Might} + Be + Adj/Noun.

For Fact : use be.

Contoh kalimat :

- If Ardi had time, He would go to the beach with Ann this weekend.

The fact : Ardi doesn’t have time, so he doesn’t go to the beach with Ann.

- He would tell you about it if he were. *

The fact : he is not, so he don’t tell you about it.

(*untuk conditional type 2 hanya to be were yang digunakan untuk semua subject)

- If I were rich man, I could buy elegant cars, new apartement, and sport motorcycle.

The fact : I’m not rich, so I can’t buy elegant cars, new apartement, and sport motorcycle.

C.      Past Perfect Conditional (Conditional Type 3)

Merupkan Untrue in The Past. Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan apa yang telah terjadi/sesuatu yang sudah berlalu.

Pola :

1. Verbal

If + Subject + Had + Verb 3 + Subject + {Would/Could/Might} + Have + Verb 3.

For Fact : use Past Tense.

2. Nominal

If + Subject + Had + Been + Adj/Noun + Subject + {Would/Could/Might} + Have + Been + Adj/Noun.

Contoh kalimat :

- If I had known you were there, I would have written you a letter.

The fact : I didn’t Know you were there, so I didn’t write you letter.

- If you had asked me I would have told you the whole story.

The fact : you didn’t ask me, so i didn’t tell you the whole story.  

Causative

CAUSATIVE

Causative adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perintah. Di bawah anda akan di berikan macam-macam causative beserta contoh-contohnya.

Macam Causative :

1.     Active Causative

Active Causative adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menyuruh seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu hal sesuai yang diinginkan.

Pola :

Subject + {have/had/make/made/lets/help} + Subject (pelaku) + V1 + O(benda).

Subject + {ask/get/got/permit/allow/help} + Subject + to V1 + O(benda).

NOTE : Kedua pola memiliki makna yang sama.

Contoh :

- Mary has John wash the car.
- The robber make the teller give the money.
- Mary get John to wash the car.
- The robber ask the teller to give the money.
- Will your parents let you go to the party?
- My father lets me drive his car.

- She made her children do their homework.

- I don’t know if my boss will let me take the day off.

2.     Passive Causative

Passive Causative menyatakan Subject(orang) menginginkan Object(benda) dilakukan oleh seseorang.

Pola :

Subject + {have/had/make/made/lets/help} + Object(Benda) + V3 + by + Subject(Orang).

Subject + {ask/get/got/permit/allow/help} + Object(Benda) + V3 + by + Subject(Orang).

Contoh :

- Mary got her car washed.
- I had my watch repaitred (by someone).
- I made my suitcase carried by my brother.
- I got my jacket cleaned. - I had my jacket cleaned. Kedua kalimat ini maknanya sama.
- I had my jacket cleaned yesterday.
- Did you have your computer fixed?
- When will the report be ready? I’ll have it done by tomorrow morning.

- I had my wallet stolen. (Saya sebenarnya tidak menyebabkan dompet saya dicuri - seseorang mencuri dompet saya dariku)

Adverb Clause

ADVERB CLAUSE

Adverb Clause adalah kata keterangan/tambahan yang mendahului induk kalimat. Adveb Clause tidak bisa berdiri sendiri dalam penulisan bahasa Inggris. Mereka harus terhubung dengan induk kalimat agar kalimat tersebut menjadi kalimat seutuhnya.

Berikut yang termasuk Adverb Clauses :

TIME		CAUSE AND EFFECT	CONTRAST	DIRECT CONTRAST	CONDITION
after	by the time (that)	because	even though	while	if
before	once	now that	although	whereas	unless
when	as long as	since	though		only if
while	whenever				whether or not
as	every time (that)				even if
as soon as	the first time (that)				in case
since	the next time (that)				in the event that
until	the last time (that)

1.       Using Adverb Clauses to show Cause and Effect

A.      Because

Jika Adverb ini diletakkan di awal kalimat, maka menggunakan koma. Dan jika terletak ditengah kalimat, maka tidak menggunakan koma.

Contoh kalimat :

·         Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.

·         He went to bed because he was sleepy.

B.      Now that

Adverb ini sama artinya dengan Because now. Adverb ini digunakan untuk masa sekarang(Present) dan akan datang(Future).

Contoh kalimat :

·         Now that the semester is over. I’m going to rest a few days and then take a trip.

·         Jack lost his job. Now that he is unemployed, he can’t pay his bills.

C.      Since

Kata ini digunakan untuk menyatakan sebab. Since terletak di awal kalimat. Since memiliki pengertian sama seperti Because. Selain bermakna karena, Since juga bisa bermakna sejak. Hal ini tergantung dari konteks kalimat tersebut.

Contoh kalimat :

·         Since Monday is a holiday, we don’t have to go to work.

·         Since you’re good cook and I’m not, you should cook the dinner.