Modals

MODALS

Modals adalah suatu kata bantu dalam bahasa Inggris yang menggambarkan ekspresi perasaan orang terhadap suatu hal. Modals juga bisa menggambarkan suatu Advisable(saran), Permissible(perizinan), Possible(kemungkinan), Necessary(keharusan), dan lain-lain.

Macam-macam bentuk Modals yaitu

A.    Basic Modals

MODALS PRESENT	MODALS PAST
Can	Could
May	Might
Must	Had to
Will	Would
Shall	Should
Should	-

Ada sekelompok kata yang memiliki makna /arti sama dengan modals diatas :

• Can/Could       :  be able to, manage to.
• May/Might      :  probable, possible, presumable, perhaps.
• Must                :  have to, has to, have got to, need to.
• Will/Shall        :  be going to, be about to.
• Should             :  had better, ought to, be supposed to.

1.     Modals for expressing necessity : Must, Have to, Have got to

·         digunakan untuk menyatakan saran/ajaran, pendapat, atau keharusan/kewajiban.

·         digunakan untuk menyatakan harapan.

Contoh kalimat :

1.      All applicants have to take an entrance exam.

2.      I must take this job.

3.      I have to (hafta) be home by eight.

4.      He has to(hasta) go to a meeting tonight.

5.      I have got to go(I’ve gotta go /  I gotta go) right now.

6.      Dea must call his insurance today.

It is necessary for Dea to call the insurance today (keharusan mutlak).

7.      An automobile must have gasoline to run.

It is obligatory for an automobile to have gasoline to run (keharusan mutlak).

8.      Usman's lights are not. He must be a sleep.

9.      The grass is wet. It must be raining (kesimpulan logis).

Note :

-          Penggunaan Must itu lebih diutamakan daripada  have to karena Must lebih menekankan pada suatu keharusan keadaan orang tersebut.

-          Have to dan has to biasanya disingkat  pembacaannya menjadi Hafta atau Hasta.

-          Have Got to juga biasanya disingkat pelafalannya menjadi gotta dan terkadang juga tanpa have.

2.     Advisability : Should, Ought to, Had better, be supposed to

digunakan untuk menyatakan saran/ajaran, pendapat, atau keharusan/kewajiban.

digunakan untuk menyatakan harapan.

Contoh kalimat :

1.      You should study harder.

You ought to study harder.

2.      Drivers should obey the speed limit.

Drivers ought to obey yhe speed limit.

3.      I had a test this morning. I didn’t do well on the test because I didn’t study for it last night. I should have studied last night.

4.      We went to a  movie, but it was waste of time and money. We should not have gone to the movie.

5.      Hamid should study tonight.

it is good idea if Hamid studies tonight (saran).

6.      Karina should go on diet.

it is suggested that Karina go on diet (pendapat).

7.      My check should arrive next week. I hope that the check will arrive next week (harapan).

Had better adalah Modals yang lebih menekankan / kuat daripada should dan ought to. Had better juga menekankan atas peringatan suatu hal – hal yang membahayakan. Contoh kalimat :

1.      The gas tank is almost empty. We had better stop at the next service station.

2.      You had better take care of that cut on your hand soon, or it will get infected.

Note :

-          Ought to juga sering disingkat “otta”.

-          Bentuk should dalam lampau memiliki pola yang berbeda dengan bentuk present. Perbedaan tersebut terdapat dalam penggunakan have dan menggunkan verb 3.

-          Should, Ought to, Had better juga bisa digunakan dalam kalimat yang bermakna negatif. Penulisan dalam kalimat negatif menjadi : shouldn’t, Oughtn’t to, had better not .

-          Biasanya had better digunakan dalam waktu present dan future dengan menggunakan kata kerja verb 1.

3.     Possibility and permission = may, might

digunakan  untuk menyatakan izin (permission).

digunakan untuk menyatakan kemungkinan(possibility).

Contoh kalimat :

Sir, Why may I not go home earlier now whereas yesterday I might do it? (using to permission).

She may come late because of the traffic jam (mungkin).

Eventhough she is a rich girl she might not have money to buy a new car because she drives an old car (mungkin).

He doesn’t go to school. He may be sick.

4.     Abbilty : can, could, be able to, manage to

digunakan untuk menyatakan kemampuan (ability).

digunakan sebagai ungkapan halus (polite remark) dalam kalimat perintah atau permintaan.

NOTE : Modals can/coluld digunakan dalam conditional/ pengandaian  selain untuk menyatakan kemampuan (ability) , could juga bisa digunakan menyatakan suatu kemungkinan (pembicara tidak yakin).

Contoh kalimat :

1.      When I was a child I couldn't take a bath alone, but now I can (using to ability).

2.      Could you do me a favor? (using to polite remark).

3.      It could rain tomorrow = it will possibly rain tomorrow (using to conditional/pengandaian).

B.   MODALS + PERFECTIVE

Biasanya digunakan untuk menunjukkan waktu lampau
POLA :

Modals + have + V3/been

.

1.     Could + have V3/been

digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu hal sebenarnya, bisa terjadi di waktu lampau.

Contoh kalimat :

1.      He could have eaten ice cream.

2.      She could have asked her brother to lift the box.

2.     Might + have V3/been

digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kemungkinan/praduga dari apa yang sudah terjadi di waktu lampau.

Contoh kalimat :

1.      His room was still dirty, he might have forgotten to clean it.

3.      Should + have V3/been

digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang seharusnya sudah terjadi di waktu lampau, tetapi karena satu dan lain hal, hal itu terjadi.

Contoh kalimat :

1.      Seta should have gone to his office this morning.

2.      I had a test this morning. I didn’t do well on the test because i didn’t study for it last night. I should have studied last night.

4. Must + have V3/been

digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kesimpulan logis dari apa yang telah terjadi di waktu lampau.

Contoh kalimat :

1.      The grass is wet. It must have rained last night.

2.      Fini failed in the test. She must not have studied.

NOTE : Untuk menyatakan suatu keharusan di waktu lampau hanya digunakan ‘had to’ atau ‘should + have V3/been’.